Balayage, where hair color is painted directly onto sections of the hair with no foils used to keep the color contained, a method growing in popularity due to its observed effect of appearing more natural.Cap, when a plastic cap is placed tightly on the head and strands are pulled through with a hook, a method infrequently practiced other than for applying highlights to short hair.Employed especially when more than one color is to be applied, this method ensures that only the desired hair strands are colored, and the rest spared. Foiling, where pieces of foil or plastic film are used to separate the hair to be colored.These are off-the-scalp techniques, and can be applied by the following methods: There are also newer coloring techniques such as ombré, shatush, balayage, airtouch, in which hair is dark on the crown and bit by bit becomes lighter toward the ends. Splashlighting a horizontal band of bleached hair from ear to ear.Lowlighting, where sections of hair are treated with darker hair colors.Highlighting, where sections of hair are treated with lighteners.The modern trend is to use several colors to produce streaks or gradations, but not all work on top of a single base color. Hair color was traditionally applied to the hair as one overall color. Hair dyeing is now a multibillion-dollar industry that involves the use of both plant-derived and synthetic dyes. In 1947 the German cosmetics firm Schwarzkopf launched the first home color product, "Poly Color". Eugène Schueller, the founder of L'Oréal, is recognized for creating the first synthetic hair dye in 1907. The development of synthetic dyes for hair is traced to the 1860s discovery of the reactivity of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) with air.
In the 1661 book Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature, various methods of coloring hair black, gold, green, red, yellow, and white are explained. Others include katam ( buxus dioica), black walnut hulls, red ochre and leeks. Some of the most well known are henna ( Lawsonia inermis), indigo dye, Cassia obovata, senna, turmeric and amla. In ancient times, the dyes were obtained from plants. The dyeing of hair is an ancient art that involves treatment of the hair with various chemical compounds.
Lafayette in 1830, aged 73, with pitch-black hair (painting by Louise-Adéone Drölling). Some of them are clean-shaven, but others-especially those of high rank-shave their cheeks but leave a moustache that covers the whole mouth.". They look like wood-demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a horse's mane. Their hair is blond, but not naturally so: they bleach it, to this day, artificially, washing it in lime and combing it back from their foreheads. They are very tall in stature, with rippling muscles under clear white skin. Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian, described in detail how Celtic people dyed their hair blonde:
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